This category covers computational models and algorithms for interpreting brain activity and cognitive states using brain-sensing technologies such as EEG, fMRI, MEG, and NIRS. Applications include brain-computer interfaces, neuroadaptive systems, and cognitive state modeling. Contributions span signal processing, machine learning, human-AI interaction, and hybrid neuro-symbolic methods. Examples include mental workload classification from EEG, decision prediction from fMRI, and real-time BCI systems using graph neural networks.